Hawk
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The terms accipitrine hawk and buteonine hawk are used to distinguish between the types in regions where hawk applies to both. The term \"true hawk\" is sometimes used for the accipitrine hawks in regions where buzzard is preferred for the buteonine hawks.
All these groups are members of the family Accipitridae, which includes the hawks and buzzards as well as kites, harriers and eagles. To confuse things further, some authors use \"hawk\" generally for any small to medium Accipitrid that is not an eagle.[3]
The common names of some birds include the term \"hawk\", reflecting traditional usage rather than taxonomy. For example, some people may call an osprey a \"fish hawk\" or a peregrine falcon a \"duck hawk\".
Aristotle listed eleven types of ἱέρακες (hierakes, hawks, singular ἱέραξ hierax): aisalōn (merlin), asterias, hypotriorchēs, kirkos, leios, perkos, phassophonos, phrynologos, pternis, spizias, and triorchēs. Pliny numbered sixteen kinds of hawks, but named only aigithos, epileios, kenchrēïs (kestrel), kybindis, and triorchēs (buzzard).[5]
The subfamily Accipitrinae contains Accipiter; it also contains genera Micronisus (Gabar goshawk), Urotriorchis (long-tailed hawk), and Megatriorchis (Doria's goshawk). Melierax (chanting goshawks) may be included in the subfamily, or given a subfamily of its own.
The \"Buteogallus group\" are also called hawks, with the exception of the solitary eagles. Buteo is the type genus of the subfamily Buteoninae. Traditionally this subfamily also includes eagles and sea-eagles. Lerner and Mindell (2005) proposed placing those into separate subfamilies (Aquilinae, Haliaaetinae), leaving only the buteonine hawks/buzzards in Buteoninae.
In February 2005, Canadian ornithologist Louis Lefebvre announced a method of measuring avian \"IQ\" by measuring their innovation in feeding habits.[8] Based on this scale, hawks were named among the most intelligent birds.The hawk is very intelligent towards humans and other hawks.[9]
Hawks, like most birds, are tetrachromats having four types of colour receptors in the eye. These give hawks the ability to perceive not only the visible range but also ultraviolet light. Other adaptations allow for the detection of polarised light or magnetic fields. This is due to the large number of photoreceptors in the retina (up to 1,000,000 per square mm in Buteo, compared to 200,000 in humans), a high number of nerves connecting these receptors to the brain, and an indented fovea, which magnifies the central portion of the visual field.[10][11]
Like most birds, the hawk migrates in the autumn and the spring. Different types of hawks choose separate times in each season to migrate. The autumn migrating season begins in August and ends mid-December. It has been studied that there are longer migration distances than others. The long-distance travelers tend to begin in early autumn while the short distance travelers start much later. Thus, the longer the distance the earlier the bird begins its journey. There have been studies on the speed and efficiency of the bird's migration that show that it is better for a hawk to arrive at its destination as early as possible.[12] This is because the first bird that arrives has the first pick of mates, living area, food, and survival necessities. The more fat a bird has when it starts its migration, the better chance it has of making the trip safely. Kerlinger states that studies have shown that a bird has more body fat when it begins its migration, before it leaves, than when has arrived at its destination.[13]
One of the most important parts of the hawk's migration is the flight direction because the direction or path the bird chooses to take could greatly affect its migration. The force of wind is a variable because it could either throw the bird off course or push it in the right direction, depending on the direction of the wind.[13] To ensure a safer journey, a hawk tries to avoid any large bodies of water in the spring and fall by detouring around a lake or flying along a border.[14]
The red-tailed hawk is probably the most common hawk in North America.[15] Past observations have indicated that while hawks can easily adapt to any surrounding, hawks prefer a habitat that is open. Hawks usually like to live in places like deserts and fields, likely as it is easier to find prey. As they are able to live anywhere, they can be found in mountainous plains and tropical, moist areas. Hawks have been found in places such as Central America, the West Indies, and Jamaica.
Starting in the hawk's early life, it is fed by its parents until it leaves the nest.[16] The young hawk, while still in its fledgling phase, will leave its nest as early as six weeks old. Once the bird is older it begins to hunt. The hawk kills its prey with its talons as opposed to other predator birds, such as the falcon. The falcon uses its talons to catch the prey but kills the small animal with its beak instead of its talons.[citation needed] The hawk's preferred time for hunting is usually just before nightfall when daylight lessens.[12] Although the hawk is known for being a violent predator, some are gentle and quiet.[citation needed] When it flies, the hawk flaps its wings rapidly, and then uses that momentum to glide smoothly and gracefully through the air.[14]
Hawks are known for their unique mating season. The method the hawk uses to reproduce is different from most. The male and female will fly together in a circular motion. Once they reach a certain height, the male will dive toward the female and then they will raise back to the height again. The two birds will repeat this until finally the male latches onto the female and they begin to free-fall down to earth. In one year, a female hawk will lay about five eggs. Both the male and the female will cater and take care of the eggs for about a month until they hatch.[16] The male and the female create their nest before the mating season and improve it together during the nesting season. The two birds usually make their nest prior to mating. Some species of hawks tend to be monogamous and stay with the same mating partner their whole lives.[14]
A hawk's diet is predictable and includes a variety of smaller animals. Some of these small animals include snakes, lizards, fish, mice, rabbits, squirrels, birds, and any other type of small game that is found on the ground.[16] More specifically, a red-shouldered hawk likes to eat smaller birds like doves and bugs like grasshoppers and crickets.[14]
A war hawk, or simply hawk, is a term used in politics for somebody favoring war. The term reportedly originated during the 1810 debates in Congress over a possible war with Great Britain when Congressman John Randolph called the pro-war faction led by Henry Clay, the 'war-hawks'.[17]
Numerous sporting clubs, such as the Atlanta Hawks, the Hawthorn Hawks and the Malmö Redhawks, use the bird as an emblem. Miami University in Oxford, Ohio officially became known as the RedHawks in 1997 after formerly being known as the Redskins.
Hawks are highly associated with Guru Gobind Singh in the Sikh community. According to ornithologists, he is believed to have kept a white Northern Goshawk. This is reflected in that the Northern Goshawk was made the official state bird of Punjab, India. [18][19][20][21]
The Mount Peter Hawk Watch Trailway is a small 5-acre parcel on Mount Peter, a high point along the Bellvale Mountain Ridge. Mount Peter Hawk Watch is unique because of its small size, providing access for a scenic overlook, raptor viewing and birdwatching. This is one of several famous hawk watches in the northeast and is the third oldest in the country. Cross-country skiing, snowshoeing and hiking are available nearby since a short spur trail (750 feet) on the Mount Peter Hawk Watch connects to a beautiful section of the nearby Appalachian Trail. The lookout platform is 150 feet from the parking area. Please stay on trails which allow for public access through nearby private lands. Please do not trespass on nearby private land.
Mount Peter Hawk Watch Trailway is one of several famous hawk watches in the northeast and is the third oldest in the country. This scenic overlook provides an expansive view of the Warwick Valley through which record numbers of migrating raptors pass during fall migration. It is part of a network of hawk watches stretching from Florida to Canada. Broad-wings, sharp-shins, red-shoulders, goshawks, kestrels and golden and bald eagles are among the more than 16 hawk species sighted.
The Mount Peter Hawk Watch, begun in 1957, is one of the oldest hawk watches in the country. Records of migrating raptor species and their populations passing through the area have been kept for over 50 years. Long term trends, monitored along with sightings from other hawk watches from Florida to Canada, show not only the vitality of the hawk species, but also the overall health of the environment. Since 1971, the area has been run by various bird clubs and nature associations, including for 35 years by the Highlands Audubon Society. The property was acquired by the DEC in May, 1990 with funding from the 1986 Environmental Quality Bond Act (Trailways Category).
Cooper's hawk is a medium-sized hawk native to North America named after the naturalist William Cooper, one of the founders of the New York Academy of Sciences. It is also sometimes referred to as the big blue darter, chicken hawk, hen hawk, Mexican hawk, quail hawk, striker and swift hawk. 59ce067264
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